This seems like an insane idea, cosmic radiation causes so many measurable impacts even on earth with things like bit flips, this would be a huge issue in space with no magnetic field and atmosphere. I would think this would focus on low density slower speed chips, and likely avoid anything with flash storage.
So first, it’s assumed that the transition between matter and energy has evolved to be essentially lossless in the trek canon, and you just have to assume that’s true. This is handled with the “Matter-energy conversion matrix” which is a hand-wavey sci-fi invention like a “Heisenberg Compensator.” See https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Matter-energy_conversion_matrix
Additionally, this process is bidirectional; waste on a starship is converted into energy and stored. This is done with the “bio-matter resequencer” and is referenced a few times, see: